Óscar Martínez, editor-in-chief of the Salvadoran outlet El Faro, and nine other journalists left El Salvador after publishing a report alleging ties between President Nayib Bukele and criminal groups. (Photo: Courtesy of Óscar Martínez, used with permission)

This interview was originally published by the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) on June 4, 2025. An edited version is being republished on Global Voices under a content partnership agreement.

Journalists at the prominent investigative Central American media outlet El Faro knew the risks when they published a series of interviews with gang members alleging long-standing ties between Salvadoran President Nayib Bukele and criminal groups. What they didn’t know was how quickly the crackdown would escalate.

Within days of publication, sources close to El Salvador’s attorney general’s office warned that arrest warrants were imminent for seven of the outlet’s journalists. The purported charges, which include “unlawful association,” are typically used against alleged gang members. As a precaution, ten El Faro reporters have already left the country, with following suit during the month of June.

Just days after the interviews were published, the government escalated its crackdown against both journalists and human rights organizations. Ruth López, a prominent lawyer with the human rights group Cristosal, was abruptly arrested and charged with embezzlement. Two other activists remain in custody facing public disorder charges.

The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) has documented years of harassment against the El Faro newsroom, from Pegasus spyware surveillance and baseless money laundering accusations to smear campaigns led by government officials. In a conversation with CPJ – conducted in Spanish and reproduced here in English, though edited for length and clarity – El Faro Editor-in-Chief Óscar Martínez, recipient of CPJ’s 2016 International Press Freedom Award, reflected on toll this new wave of persecution is taking.

Dánae Vílchez (DV): Can you explain the charges brought against you [and] your newsroom?

Óscar Martínez (OM): One day after we published the interviews, the head of the State Intelligence Agency accused us on social media of five crimes, including human trafficking and sexual violence. He said, ‘You don’t throw rocks at someone who has bombs,’ like a threat. Not long after, we confirmed through two separate, reliable sources that seven arrest warrants had been drafted against us. [The sources] didn’t know each other but provided the same information: that we are being accused of “advocating for crime,” and [of] unlawful association – crimes that were used against criminal groups – so that’s when we decided to get everyone involved in the video out of the country.

DV: How has El Salvador’s state of emergency, which the government says it imposed to combat gang violence, made it especially dangerous for journalists accused of gang ties?

OM: The state of emergency began in March 2022 and brought a series of legal changes. For the first 15 days, authorities [didn't] need to present you before a judge; you [could] be arrested based solely on a police or military officer’s intuition. They also eliminated the two-year limit on pretrial detention; now you can remain in prison for five, ten, or even 15 years without a conviction. There’s total secrecy over proceedings and what they call ‘mass trials,’ where hundreds are charged without individualized evidence.

In practice, it’s even worse: warrantless raids, anonymous judges, ignored release orders, and no prison visits. It’s a police state where the executive decides who’s arrested and for how long. And it all happens without checks or balances, because in El Salvador today, there’s only one power: the president.

DV: What do you think the government aims to achieve by accusing you of being gang members or sympathizers?

OM: It’s a tactic used in other dictatorships, like Cuba or Nicaragua, to turn critics into ‘non-citizens.’ Bukele knows how to tap into fear. He’s pushed the narrative that we defend gangs, even though we’ve covered gang violence long before he entered politics, back when he was running a nightclub.

What we’re doing is questioning criminals who allied with the government — that’s journalism. His persecution of us and the arrest of Ruth López is a message to all he considers visible opposition: the press, civil society, community leaders, environmentalists, and political parties. His message is clear: he’s going to crush us. We’ve received the message. Some of us may get arrested, others may go into exile. That’s Bukele’s plan: destroy us by turning the public against us.

DV: Is there any legal or institutional path you can take to challenge the accusations or seek protection?

OM: No. None.

DV: How would you compare the press environment now to what existed before Bukele took office? What’s changed politically and legally?

OM: Before, there was a public information access law — it worked poorly, but it worked. There were press conferences. The labor ministry wasn’t used to attack the media. There was no state of emergency. If you were charged with a crime, you had a right to a public, open trial and the ability to appeal. There were still independent judges, and the Constitutional Chamber had some diversity. The attorney general’s office had a degree of autonomy.

All of that is gone now. El Salvador was never an easy country for journalism, but it’s never been this bad.

DV: How has all this affected your ability to report and build sources?

OM: Drastically. We’ve lost many sources, especially after it was revealed that Pegasus spyware had infiltrated our phones for 17 months. Nobody wants to talk to journalists who are being surveilled. The government uses polygraphs to question officials about whether they’ve spoken to El Faro. We know that ministries and the presidency specifically ask about this. Some sources who spoke to us are now in prison; one died there, with signs of torture.

Doing journalism is also much more expensive. To meet a source, we might need to rent an Airbnb with underground parking, or travel abroad. What once cost a reporter’s [time] now can cost USD 10,000. Publishing can lead to arrest warrants. We’ve lost talented journalists who left out of legitimate fear and that’s a huge loss for journalism.

DV: How are you coping with all of this, personally and professionally, under so much pressure and risk?

OM: We’re trying to stay calm, to avoid losing perspective or compromising our journalistic rigor. It’s hard, but we’re doing it by relying on our editorial board and years of experience. We’ve had to adapt quickly, shift resources, and do everything we can to make the budget work.

You plan your finances for a year, and then suddenly you have to take 10 journalists out of the country. Then five audits arrive, trying to fine you thousands of dollars for things you’ve already proven you didn’t do. You have to regularly scan all phones for Pegasus. You also need an emergency fund in case you need to evacuate journalists and their families.

We’re focused on staying steady, leaning on our international allies, showing them what’s happening, and asking for one specific thing: time. We know what’s coming: exile or prison. We’re not asking anyone to stop the inevitable, just to help us delay it. As long as we have time, we’ll keep reporting.

DV: How do you think what’s happening to you, to El Faro, and to independent media in El Salvador can serve as a warning or lesson for journalists in other countries, even the United States?

OM: It’s deeply instructive; it cuts to the core of what journalism is. People can do what they want with the information we report, but a lot simply wouldn’t be known if we didn’t exist.

People wouldn’t know that Bukele negotiated with gangs, or that victims of gangs are now imprisoned, or that the prisons chief sold off 41,000 sacks of pandemic food aid for profit. They wouldn’t know that Bukele is expanding his private residence with public funds. We report; what people do with it is their choice. We answer to our readers and our principles, but above all, we report for them.

I also think of journalists like Alma Guillermoprieto and Susan Meiselas. If they hadn’t documented the El Mozote massacre in 1981, standing up to a coordinated campaign that denied it ever happened, there wouldn’t be a trial today. It’s terrible that those trials are only now happening, for the old and the dead, but it’s something. If they hadn’t done it, the world would be worse. And if we don’t do our part now, it will be worse again.