Undertones: From ‘Satanic’ QR codes and ‘public enemies’, navigating the pandemic in Russia · Global Voices
Civic Media Observatory

Illustration by Giovana Fleck
Welcome to Undertones, the Civic Media Observatory newsletter! In each edition we analyze an event, emerging trend, or a complex story, identifying key narratives of urgent public interest, delving deep into the context and subtext of local, vernacular and multilingual media. Undertones also offers an entry point into the public datasets that underpin our Observatory work.
Whereas death tolls have decreased in Europe and the United States, Russia has been grappling with the country’s highest number of COVID-related deaths since the start of the pandemic. 

More than half of the population have refused the Sputnik vaccine and resisted measures such as a QR code-based COVID passport system, in large part due to deep-seated mistrust of the government. Lev Gudkov, head of the renowned sociological research foundation Levada-Center, also attributes this mistrust to the use of coercive tactics in the promotion of vaccines and QR codes. The prevalence of misinformation further exacerbates the public’s reservations.
Mass protests erupted throughout the country in late 2021 and polarization is deepening, as government members and state media label anti-vaxxers “enemies of the people,” a term loaded with negative historical connotations.
About 67% of the Russian population opposes the introduction of QR code-based COVID-19 passports, a measure the Duma, Russia’s parliament, adopted in mid-December 2021 for entry to cultural institutions, restaurants, and retail outlets. The law will come into effect on February 1, 2022.
In late 2021, about 270 protests erupted across the country in response to the news of these stricter measures. The scale of these demonstrations, especially outside of major metropolitan areas, was even more remarkable considering the government’s brutal repression of political protests in 2019 and 2020.
Opposition to vaccines and COVID-19 passports spans diverse groups, including as “mom groups” on social media, Facebook pages that are anonymous, well-known actors and bloggers, as well as members of the Orthodox Church and established political parties.
Leaders of “approved” opposition parties such as the Fair Party (Spravedlyvaya Rossiya) and the Communist Party have also shared their skepticism about the measures on social media. Gennady Ziuganov, leader of the Communist Party, tweeted that the introduction of QR codes “is tantamount to the introduction of an ‘electronic concentration camp’ regime.”
President Vladimir Putin has vacillated around the issue. He first openly supported the QR code measure, then said “no rash decisions” should be taken.
The channel Tsargrad TV, close to the Orthodox Church, published a popular video on Facebook in December 2021 stating that unvaccinated people will be allowed into churches – going against COVID-19 passport measures – and that prayer is an absolute necessity for healing. People commented that the QR code is a “sign of Satan” and “the mark of the beast.” More analysis here.
A screenshot of the item published by Tsargrad TV.
Possible impact:
Growing anti-vax movements, which lead to sluggish vaccination rates and higher risks of COVID-19-related complications, healthcare system collapse, and deaths.
In late 2021, government members, government-controlled media, and Kremlin-friendly journalists began labeling anti-vaxxers “public enemies” on Facebook pages, official Telegram channels, and in YouTube documentaries.
In a popular December Facebook post, TASS, Russia’s leading news agency, quoted Sergey Novikov, a high-level official in the Office of the President, as saying that “anti-vax statements are really a strategy to destroy the Russian people.” The item elicited comments defending people’s right to express themselves freely.
In Russia, the term “public enemy” had previously been reserved for opposition members and independent media, especially in the context of the new “foreign agent” legislation.
During the Stalinist era, naming a political opponent a “public enemy” could result in a death sentence or hard labor in a penal colony.
After renowned Russian actress and anti-vaxxer Maria Shukshina suggested that COVID-19 vaccination policies had exacerbated Kazakhstan's recent unrest, the pro-Kremlin Telegram channel Metodichka (“Instruction”) threatened her with a probe by Russia’s top Investigative Committee. Metodichka’s statement served as a warning that people could be penalized for expressing anti-vax views. More analysis here.
Possible impact:
Measures limiting freedom of speech in the context of the foreign agents’ law and further polarization among the Russian population.
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