[1]The pristine sandy beaches in Negombo, Sri Lanka are threatened by plastic and burnt debris from the sinking container ship X-Press Pearl off the coasts of Sri Lanka. Image from Flickr by Amila Tennakoon [1] (2011). CC BY 2.0 [2].
On May 20, 2021, a Singaporean container ship X-Press Pearl [3] had caught fire [4] on the Laccadive Sea [5], 18 kilometres off the west coast of Sri Lanka near the capital Colombo. After a week of firefighting efforts, the vessel was declared a total loss and had started to sink [6] releasing burnt debris. The X-Press Pearl was carrying 1,486 containers [7] of chemicals and cosmetics, including 28 containers of plastic pellets and 25 tonnes of extremely combustible nitric acid and sodium hydroxide, which were loaded from a port in Gujarat, India. Apart from the burnt debris, it also threatens an oil spill as the ship had more than 300 tonnes [8] of fuel in its tanks.
Explosions were heard as the ship burnt in the fire for the past two weeks and the burnt debris and oil residues have already caused massive damage [9] to the nearby Sri Lankan coastline. The magnitude of the damage makes it one of the worst environmental disasters of Sri Lanka [10].
Journalist Rangana Shamil Fernando shares footage of the sinking ship recorded by the Sri Lankan Navy:
Latest footage on sinking ship #MVXPressPearl [11].
Visuals Courtesy @srilanka_navy [12] #lka [13] #SriLanka [14] pic.twitter.com/EiAj15AJ1Q [15]— Rangana Shamil Fernando (@ranganashamil) June 3, 2021 [16]
Reportedly [8], the ship had a nitric acid leak that had started on May 11 and the vessel arrived in Sri Lanka asking for help after other nearby ports refused to allow it in with its leak.
Journalist Azzam Ameen shares Sri Lankan Air Force footages:
The marine environment impact is severe : Sri Lanka Air Force footage of fire & coastal areas at 13.00 PM today #MVXPressPearl [11] pic.twitter.com/ZEFKKXGl3L [17]
— Azzam Ameen (@AzzamAmeen) May 26, 2021 [18]
The Sri Lankan navy has rescued [19] 25 crew members from the cargo ship after explosions ripped off sections. The Indian navy assisted [20] in controlling the fire breakout.
#OperationSagarAaraksha2 [21] Chemical laden container ship #MVXPressPearl [11] sank and touched bottom. Part Superstructure & fwd portion visible. 3 #ICG [22] Ships including PCV Samudra Prahari standby in PR configuration for response. Assessment by salvors in progress. pic.twitter.com/Ngi9xW7jYH [23]
— Indian Coast Guard (@IndiaCoastGuard) June 2, 2021 [24]
Environmental damage
Waves of microplastics [25] and charred debris from the burning vessel have already reached [26] the nearby popular beaches of Negombo in the past two weeks.
Ocean Conservationist Maleesha Gunawardana tweeted:
Close to 3 billion plastic pellets may have been released into our waters. With a possible oil spill too as the vessel sinks, we are witnessing the worst marine pollution disaster in our lifetime in Sri Lanka. #MVXPressPearl [11] #SriLanka [14] pic.twitter.com/iTmqs3nDD2 [27]
— Maleesha Gunawardana (@Maleesha_G) June 2, 2021 [28]
The Sri Lankan authorities have banned [19] fishing on an 80-kilometre stretch of coast which affected over 5000 fishing boats and the livelihoods of fishermen depended on them.
Sri Lankan environmental conservation organisation the Pearl Protectors [29] tweeted regular updates about the disaster.
Sri Lanka's WP coastal belt is now covered in #PlasticPellets [30]
This is an unprecedented marine environment disaster!
All fishing industry in western half of #SriLanka [14] & South of #India [31] will be severely affected for the foreseeable future
Ic: Colombo Gazette #mvxpresspearl [32] pic.twitter.com/H8gswcVOiD [33]
— The Pearl Protectors (@PearlProtectors) May 27, 2021 [34]
Stretching from Wattala to Negombo, the coast has become densely polluted. Debris like vessel wreckage, floating container parts, burnt cargo and chemicals along with oil and ash have covered the surrounding sea. The marine env impact is severe. #MVXPRESSPEARL [35] #shipwreck [36] #lka [13] pic.twitter.com/DeZsjWFM8C [37]
— The Pearl Protectors (@PearlProtectors) May 26, 2021 [38]
The organisation also highlighted the consequences in a statement on Facebook [39]:
Large areas of the Western Province coast have been affected due to the recent MV X-Press Pearl ship accident. Due to the complexity of its cargo, several environmental challenges have arisen. These include high toxic levels both at sea and on the coast. A bunk oil spill, ashes and ship debris at sea and on the shorelines, high amounts of plastic pellets spilled onto the ocean now covering large swaths of coastline along the western side of Sri Lanka, toxic fumes mixed with monsoon rains resulting in toxic rain and poor air quality.
Hemantha Withanage, the Executive Director of Centre for Environmental Justice Sri Lanka wrote on Groundviews [40]:
Although the impact on biodiversity is yet to be assessed, there are several reefs located in the area and the fauna and flora associated with the reefs will be seriously affected. Turtles, moray eel and stingray have washed up on beaches.
Rescue efforts
Hundreds of members of armed forces and other personnel are assisting [41] the cleanup to remove debris in dozens of locations across the coast.
Journalist Roel Raymond Tweets:
Cleanup of debris from #MVXPressPearl [11] continues
for the 6th day.14 priority areas have been identified and MEPA says there is steady progress ?? #SriLanka [14] #lka [13] pic.twitter.com/oYvpoRxb7V [42]
— Roel Raymond ? (@kataclysmichaos) June 1, 2021 [43]
The Sri Lankan authorities are devising strategies to mitigate the environmental damage and has started an investigation into the cause of the accident.
MEPA has prepared a strategic plan in case there is an oil spill from the ill-fated #MVXPressPearl [11] vessel – @NewsCenterLk [44]https://t.co/MtXdUxBuNE [45] #LKA [46] #SriLanka [14] #XPressPearl [47]
— Sri Lanka Tweet ?? (@SriLankaTweet) June 3, 2021 [48]
A video released [49] by the Marine Environment Protection Authority of Sri Lanka on Facebook shows how the small plastic parts from the sinking MV X-Press Pearl ship are being painstakingly removed.
However, the fear is that the currents will take the debris to the West coast of Sri Lanka. Charitha Pattiaratchi, Professor of the University of Western Australia, shared a projection [50] of the path of the plastic nurdles:
IT professional Buvini Liyanagamage tweets:
#Breaking [53]
The #MVxpressPearl [54] Captain, Chief Engineer and Second Engineer were barred from leaving #SriLanka [14] by an order of the #Colombo [55] Additional Magistrate's Court.#lanka [56] #colombo [57] #covid19 [58] #marine [59] pic.twitter.com/cPJJWRpio2 [60]— Buvini Liyanagamage (@BuviniL) June 1, 2021 [61]
This kicked off a debate on the country’s legal framework for such matters. Kamanthi Wickramasinghe argued [62] in an Oped on the Daily Mirror Online that Sri Lanka lacks a proper legal framework and preventive strategies to tackle a big maritime disaster such as this.