Brazil’s top court criminalizes homophobia and transphobia · Global Voices
Isabela Carvalho

On June 13, Brazil's top court ruled that homophobia and transphobia should be framed as crimes under Brazil's existing racism legislation.
There are no laws in Brazil's penal code that explicitly address prejudice or violence based on sexual orientation or gender identity. The court says the new ruling addressed a legislative omission that failed to protect Brazil's LGBTQ+ population.
Those who commit acts of violence against LGBTQ+ peoples could be punished with prison sentences of one to five years. Those are the current penalties for discrimination based on ethnicity, skin color, race, religion, or nationality according to a penal code provision in place since 1989.
The 11-member Supreme Court voted 8-3 for the criminalization in response to a lawsuit moved by the Brazilian Association of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transvestite, Transgender, and Intersex (ABGLT, in Portuguese) and the Popular Socialist Party (PPS).
Dia 13 de junho de 2019: o Brasil se torna o 43º país no mundo a criminalizar a homofobia e a transfobia.
Conforme a decisão do STF, se torna crime “praticar, induzir ou incitar a discriminação ou preconceito” em razão da orientação sexual da pessoa.#ÉCrimeSim #LoveWins #AEQSE pic.twitter.com/JUHavYGFJE
— #AgoraÉQueSãoElas (@AEQSE_) June 13, 2019
June 13, 2019: Brazil becomes the 43rd country in the world to criminalize homophobia and transphobia.
According to the STF decision, it becomes a crime to “practice, induce or incite discrimination or prejudice” because of the sexual orientation of the person.
Image by Grupo Gay da Bahia, used with permission.
In addition to punishing acts of violence, the court's decision makes it a crime to deny educational and professional opportunities, as well as access to public services and government buildings, based on sexual orientation. The promotion of discriminatory attitudes or events on social networks and other media could also be punished under Brazil's racism law.
Brazil has one of the highest murder rates of LGBTQ+ people in the world, coming behind Mexico, the United States, and Colombia.
In 2018, 420 LGBTQ+ people were killed — one every 20 hours, according to the Bahia's Gay Group, one of the oldest LGBTQ+ rights groups in Brazil. Of those, 72 percent were homicides, and 24 percent were suicides.
When stating her vote for criminalization, Justice Cármen Lúcia said that “all prejudice is violence, all discrimination is a cause of suffering.” She noted that discrimination often begins at home, separating families and friends, and added:
Não há como negar a jurisdição a todos a quem foi negado, às vezes, o direito à vida. Na maioria das vezes, o direito à liberdade e à dignidade, pela ausência de uma legislação ainda 30 anos depois do início de vigência dessa Constituição.
We can't deny jurisdiction to those who have been denied, at times, the right to life. Most of the times, the right to freedom and dignity, due to the absence of legislation still 30 years after the entry of this constitution.
Justice Luiz Fux, another vote pro-criminalization, said that “symbolic violence is as alarming as physical violence” and that a law that identifies homophobic and transphobic behaviors as such can help to change the people's culture. He says “there is a global concern about the epidemic levels of homophobic violence,” but legislators remain inert and oblivious.
Over the past 20 years, there have been several attempts to introduce legislation that criminalized homophobia in Brazil, but the religious and conservative culture kept them from advancing in Congress.
Fernanda Gonçalves, a criminal lawyer based in Rio de Janeiro, has told Global Voices that some legal experts say that the decision violates the so-called “principle of legal reserve,” which means that a criminal offense can't exist without an existing law:
No Brasil, temos três poderes independentes – Legislativo, Executivo, e Judiciário. A função característica do Legislativo é criar leis e a do Judiciário é julgar. Enquadrar atos homotransfóbicos na lei de racismo via interpretação, em tese, extrapola a função do Judiciário, por mais nobre que seja a intenção e a causa envolvida.
In Brazil, we have three independent powers — Legislative, Executive, and Judiciary. The characteristic role of the Legislative is to create laws and the one of the Judiciary is to judge. Framing homotransphobic acts in the law of racism via interpretation, in theory, extrapolates the function of the Judiciary, even if the intentions and the causes are noble.
She says there is a danger when the Supreme Court, composed of justices appointed by the president rather than elected by the people, creates a criminal law:
E se, no futuro, um Presidente da República eventualmente nomeia ministros do STF que decidem que a Lei Anti-terrorismo se estende para atos praticados por ativistas e integrantes de movimentos sociais? Abre-se um precedente perigosíssimo.
What if, in the future, a president eventually appoints justices who decide that the anti-terrorism law extends to acts practiced by activists and members of social movements? It opens a dangerous precedent.
A few activists and researchers have cited the mass incarceration of the country's black and poor population as yet another issue to be considered in creating another penal provision. Brazil has the third-largest prison population in the world after the United States and China.
That opinion is shared by Iran Giusti, an activist and founder of Casa 1, a space in Sao Paulo that welcomes LGBTQ+ people who have been expelled from their homes. Speaking with Global Voices, Iran he says we must be cautious:
Precisamos rever todo o nosso sistema penal e carcerário. Quem é punido no país? Quem é encarcerado no Brasil? Basta olhar os dados para saber que são as pessoas negras.
We need to consider our entire criminal and prison system. Who is punished in this country? Who is incarcerated in Brazil? All one need to do is look at the data to conclude that it's black people.
It was also by a Supreme Court ruling, in 2013, that same-sex marriage was made legal in Brazil. The same decision grants gay couples the right to adopt children.
Foto: Antonio Cruz/Agência Brasil, use permitted with attribution.
The ruling contrasts with Brazil's current political landscape as president Jair Bolsonaro was elected in 2018 on an explicitly homophobic platform. In the past, he said that he would rather have a dead son than a gay son. Recently, he spoke out against gay tourism in Brazil.
Acreditamos que o punitivismo não deveria ser o caminho para regulamentação, mas, por enquanto, que vivemos em uma sociedade que só se reorganiza a partir de leis, é uma determinação importante. #lgbt #lgbtqia+ #transgender #vidastransimportam #vidaslbgtsimportam #pride pic.twitter.com/iY3YwjTfoO
— Erica Malunguinho (@malunguinho) June 13, 2019
We believe that punitivism should not be the way for regulation, but for now, since we live in a society tha only reorganizes itself with laws, it is an important decision. #lgbt #lgbtqia #transgender #translivesmatter #lgbtslivesmatter #pride
Earlier this year, Jean Wyllys, one of the first openly gay Brazilian legislators, gave up his seat at the Chamber of Deputies after receiving death threats. He says the threats were ignored by the federal police. Another gay man, representative David Miranda, took over Jean's seat. In late May, when the Supreme Court's deliberation on homophobia was resumed, David tweeted:
Amanhã estaremos acompanhando o retorno dessa importante votação no Supremo Tribunal Federal. Não podemos fechar os olhos para tantos e tantas de nós que são violentadas e morrem diariamente.
#LGBTfobiaMata #ÉCrimeSim #CriminalizaSTF pic.twitter.com/iKYWnRpbtC
— David Miranda (@davidmirandario) May 22, 2019
Tomorrow we will be following this important vote in the Supreme Court. We cannot close our eyes to so many of us who are abused and die daily. #LGBTphobiaKills #ItsACrime #CriminaliseItSTF
In early May, David proposed a new bill that aims to curb violence against LGBTQ+ people. On a Facebook post, he explained:
Se aprovada, essa Lei poderá garantir uma série de medidas protetivas que poderão salvar milhares de vidas. Será um avanço civilizatório importante em tempos de obscurantismo. Mais um passo em direção à construção de uma sociedade verdadeiramente mais justa e democrática.
If approved, this bill could guarantee a series of protective measures that will save thousands of lives. It will be an important civilisational advance in times of obscurantism. One more step towards building a truly just and democratic society.