Venezuelans shudder at news of biometric ID deal with Chinese tech giant · Global Voices
Laura Vidal

The front of the Carnet de la Patria, with personal data and photo (which would normally appear in the upper right corner) removed. Image from Jamez42 via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
When Reuters revealed in November 2018 that the Venezuelan government had contracted with the Chinese company ZTE to develop a national biometric identification system, public reactions were mixed.
The report stirred outrage both in Venezuela and internationally. But for those who have closely followed the Venezuelan government as it has tightened its grip on people's data and communications, the report represented another chapter in what has become a very long story.
The report confirmed suspicions and denunciations made months ago, increasing fears that the alliance with ZTE will bring Venezuela closer to the implementing a form of social credit score system similar to what is used in China. This system would determine which citizens have access to basic services based on their political allegiances. It also prompted the US government to initiate investigations into the role of ZTE in Venezuela.
The Reuters story pointed to the participation of ZTE  in the development of a monitoring system whose primary tool is the “Carnet de la Patria”, or Fatherland Card. This identification card captures multiple pieces of personal data coupled with a unique and personalized QR code. It also serves as a digital wallet within an electronic payment system.
The Fatherland Card has been strongly promoted by the government and is intended to facilitate multiple public services. The card can be requested voluntarily and free of charge. During this process, whoever wants to get a Fatherland Card must answer questions about their social and economic status.
Those who have the card gain access to food and medicine, which have become dangerously scarce amid Venezuela's political and economic crisis. They can also access certain government bonds and gasoline discounts, which are newly important. After decades of being paid at almost symbolic prices, gas prices are now competitive with international rates.
In principle, the Fatherland Card was introduced as a way to streamline the state-administrated distribution of food. More recently, the card has been integrated into state processes for accessing legal and personal documents, which can be extraordinarily difficult to obtain in Venezuela.
The back of the Fatherland Card. The images in the middle show, on the left, a silhouette of ex-president Hugo Chávez; and on the right, that of Simón Bolivar. On the left of these is the space where the barcode would be, which has been erased in order to protect the information of the owner of this Card. The logo in the bottom right corner reads “Venezuela indestructible” [“Indestructible Venezuela”]. Image shared by “Jamez42″ on Wikimedia under the Creative Commons License. Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International.
It is estimated that more than 70% of Venezuelans are already carrying the Card. And although many of them identify themselves as followers of chavismo (the political ideology of president Nicolás Maduro's predecessor, Hugo Chávez), Venezuelans who identify as opponents of the dominant political ideology have also registered with the system in order to access personal documents.
The benefits of the Card have accumulated over time. At the beginning of 2018 (a month and a half after the presidential elections), Nicolás Maduro announced that the Card would be required for access to housing bonds and pension payments.
Some experts say the Fatherland Card has other objectives. Fiorella Perfetto of Caraota Digital maintains that the signing of contracts between the Venezuelan telecommunications company and ZTE in February 2017 is part of a larger scheme that was formulated by former President Hugo Chávez with China at the beginning of the mandate.
In 2016, technologist and writer Omar Castro analyzed a number of tweets related to the issue, remarking on people who compared the Card with ration cards:
A fin de cuentas es el pueblo quien seguirá pagando la improvisación en el área económica, no es cuestión de instrumentos financieros […]¿cual es el trasfondo de esta tarjeta?
In the end it is the people who will continue to finance the economy, it is not a question of financial devices […] What are the implications of this card?
The Card was also the focus of criticism during the 2017 regional and municipal elections, as well as the 2018 presidential elections.
Many voters reported that when they arrived at the polls, there was a “Fatherland Card booth” a few meters away from the polling station. Voters who had a Fatherland Card were encouraged to register at the booth, and were promised special access to food and subsidy bonuses if they did so. Voters who did not have a Fatherland Card had different experiences. Some were encouraged to sign up for the system, while others were coerced to do so. A few even reported that they were told they could not vote if they did not sign up for the Fatherland Card.
At the same time, opposition campaign workers in Maturín reported that three polling places did not allow citizens to vote if they did not present a Fatherland Card.
The Card is intended to address the country's limitations on access to cash, hyperinflation and the serious lack of food and medicine. But it can also be seen as part of a wide-ranging state effort to control information, whether it is intended to be private or public. This has also included internet outages, attacks on online media, and the continuous censorship of media not aligned with the government and due to lack of paper, among other resources.
In August 2018, political analyst Leonard Reyes wrote a Twitter thread analyzing some of the different ways people reacted to the Card, among which it was suggested that the system would collapse on purpose by requesting services:
8- El enquistamiento de esta NarcoTirania no es basada en su capacidad de “ofrecer” servicios públicos sino en obtener una ventaja asimétrica de su mismo “desgobierno” para hacer al ciudadano cada vez más Estado-dependiente y doblegarse -cada vez más- al control Social.
— Leonard Reyes (@leonline2000) August 29, 2018
The entrenchment of this Narco Tyranny is not based on its ability to “offer” public services but to gain an asymmetrical advantage of its own “misrule” to make citizens increasingly State-dependent and bow to Social control.                                                                                                                                                                  — Leonard Reyes (@leonline2000) August 29, 2018
Victor Drax, from Caracas Chronicles, an independent media collective, commented on what a monitoring system, in the context of Venezuela via the Fatherland Card, may mean for those who use it — and for those who do not:
Remember what we’ve been saying about the carnet de la patria as an instrument of oppression? Reuters just published a thorough investigation about the thing, and it’s so fucking perverse, it’s baffling […] You know what this means? After you get on the system, the State can come directly to you and say “I know your mother needs medicine. I have it, and you’ll only get it if you do what I want.” This is how the State knows what to do when the time comes to exploit us.
A series of pieces published online by local and international media, as well as online conversations, continue to make it clear that the card is only one in a long series of efforts to isolate the nation and control the population. They show that these efforts did not begin with Nicolás Maduro's government and permeate in ways that cannot yet be fully understood. Following the same ideas, Drax concludes:
Now you see why Nicolás [Maduro] has been so desperate to get everyone on board with the Fatherland Card […] To say that this tramples over the Constitution is an understatement, especially after 20 years of chavismo. Want to know the best part?
This all came from Hugo Chávez himself.