Who’s Afraid of Simone de Beauvoir? How a National Exam Had Millions of Brazilians Talking About Gender · Global Voices
Fernanda Canofre

Simone De Beauvoir, painted portrait. Photo by Flickr user thierry ehrmann. CC BY 2.0
At the end of October, seven million young people had to sit and think about the persistence of violence against women in Brazil. This was the essay theme of the National High School Exam (ENEM) — a Brazilian standardized test that is mandatory to compete for a place in the country's public universities.
A question in the humanities test also included an excerpt from the French philosopher Simone De Beauvoir’s book, “The Second Sex,” and another one cited the queer and chicana feminist Gloria Anzaldúa.
As feministas que foram fazer o Enem quando viram o tema da redação pic.twitter.com/WOYoXJoSRI
— Não Me Kahlo (@NaoKahlo) October 25, 2015
The feminists who went on to do ENEM when they saw the essay's theme
The Brazilian Internet exploded on that Sunday. Feminists took to Twitter and Facebook and celebrated the “most libertarian and feminist” ENEM so far. It seemed that knowledge of feminist theories were extremely relevant for achieving a good mark on the essay, an important component of the overall grade. But what about the trolls who spent the year harassing feminists on the Internet?
reclamou de textão feminista o ano inteiro vai ter que fazer um textão feminista na redação do enem PARECE QUE O JOGO VIROU NÃO É QUERIDINHA
— sapatona opressora (@_ibrasil) October 25, 2015
Spend the year complaining about feminists texts on the Internet, now will have to write a feminist text in ENEM's essay. IT LOOKS LIKE THE GAME HAS CHANGED
Sobre esse tema da redação do ENEM: machistas não passarão (literalmente)
— yayá (@yasmonga) October 25, 2015
About ENEM's essay question: misogynists shall not pass (literally)
O tema da redação não é “existe ou não”. É a PERSISTÊNCIA da violência contra a mulher. Sem saída para quem não queria dar o braço a torcer.
— Think Olga (@ThinkOlga) October 25, 2015
The essay question is not “does it exist or not”. It's about the PERSISTENCE of the violence against women. No exit for those who didn't want to agree.
A photo of one of the test questions featuring the excerpt from Beauvoir circulated on social media. It read:
“Ninguém nasce mulher: torna-se mulher. Nenhum destino biológico, psíquico, econômico define a forma que a fêmea humana assume no seio da sociedade; é o conjunto da civilização que elabora esse produto intermediário entre o macho e o castrado que qualificam o feminino” -Beauvoir, S. O segundo sexo.
Na década de 1960, a proposição de Simone de Beauvoir contribuiu para estruturar um movimento social que teve como marca o(a):
A: ação do Poder Judiciário para criminalizar a violência sexual.
B: pressão do Poder Legislativo para impedir a dupla jornada de trabalho.
C: organização de protestos públicos para garantir a igualdade de gênero.
D: oposição de grupos religiosos para impedir os casamentos homoafetivos.
E: establecimento de políticas governamentais para promover ações afirmativas.
“No biological, psychological, or economic fate determines the figure that the human female presents in society; it is civilization as a whole that produces this creature, intermediate between the male and eunuch, which is described as feminine.” – Beauvoir, S. The Second Sex.
In the 1960s, Simone de Beauvoir's proposition contributed to the rise of a social movement whose ethos was:
A: action from the Judiciary to criminalize sexual violence.
B: pressure the Congress to prohibit double work shifts
C: the organization of public protests to guarantee gender equality.
D: opposition from religious groups to prevent homosexual marriages.
E: the establishment of government policies to promote affirmative action.
Of course, a feminist celebration online wouldn't see the end of the day without receiving major backlash. Many users criticized the so-called “government indoctrination” towards gender and sexuality.
Among them were two of the most controversial congressmen in the country: Jair Bolsonaro, known for his unrestricted defense of Brazil's past military dictatorship, and Marco Feliciano, an evangelical pastor who once tried to legislate the “gay cure”.
Bolsonaro went so far as to say the alleged “indoctrination” was worse than corruption. He cited the governing Workers’ Party and republished the photo of the Beauvoir question:
ENEM2015, ISSO É PT: “O JOÃO NÃO NASCEU HOMEM e a MARIA NÃO NASCEU MULHER.” pic.twitter.com/3sriuc0ZXz
— Jair Bolsonaro (@DepBolsonaro) October 25, 2015
Tweet: ENEM 2015, THIS IS THE WORKERS’ PARTY: “JOHN WASN’T BORN A MAN and MARY WASN’T BORN A WOMAN”.
Statement in image: Equal or even more serious than corruption is the indoctrination imposed by the Workers’ Party on our youth. Their dream of transforming us into idiots is evident in many of ENEM's questions (National Exam of the MARXIST teaching). Those bastards should be eradicated from power in 2018 with the PRINT VOTE, or before, just as the Congress revoked the mandate of the communist João Goulart on April 2, 1964.
While Feliciano similarly decried the “indoctrination” in all caps:
DOUTRINAÇÃO EXPLÍCITA SOBRE IDEOLOGIA DE GÊNERO PARA 7 MILHÕES DE ESTUDANTES -> https://t.co/tvJcbXlBLM – VERGONHA! pic.twitter.com/fmEInuZKSt
— Marco Feliciano (@marcofeliciano) October 25, 2015
EXPLICIT INDOCTRINATION OF GENDER IDEOLOGY TO 7 MILLION STUDENTS -> https://www.facebook.com/PastorMarcoFeliciano/posts/739248372881851 … – SHAME!
A meme with Simone de Beauvoir's photo was used by several conservative pages. This one reads: “Forget about the fact that I was a Nazi. Keep on defending me on the Internet, Brazilian friends”. (Image: Bolsonaro Zuero /Facebook)
BBC reported Beauvoir’s entry on Wikipedia went from 250 visits per day to 35,000. The entry also suffered several alterations in the days following the exam. Users added information claiming the philosopher had penned a “rape book”; fought for laws “prohibiting women to work outside their home”; cooperated with the Nazi occupation of France and campaigned to “legalize pedophilia”. The entry had its editing locked due to “excessive vandalism”, according to the Wikipedia page.
An anti-Beauvoir wave flooded the offline world as well. City counselors from Campinas, a city in the state of São Paulo, decide to submit to a vote a motion of repudiation against Beauvoir. For 22 minutes they went on a rant against “gender ideology”, same-sex marriage and menaces to the “traditional” family. One of them went as far as to state: “They want to force us to swallow this devious initiative (…) but the large majority favor nature’s law: a man is a man, a woman is a woman.” The motion was approved by the Chamber.
#Brazil: Just now rally ‘Women Against #Cunha‘ #MulheresContraCunha in #SãoPaulo. h/t @linobocchini #ForaCunha pic.twitter.com/sEGeo3HhS4
— #FreeTenharim (@PersonalEscrito) October 30, 2015
Violence against women in Brazil is not a matter of left or right (or at least it shouldn’t be). All one needs to do is look at the alarming numbers of homicides and gender-based violence in the country. In 2014, Brazil had 47,646 rape cases registered, according to the Yearbook of Public Safety. That means — counting only reported cases — that every 11 minutes, a woman was attacked in the country.
Brazil also ranks 7th among 84 countries with the highest rates of femicides. The 2012 Violence Map revealed that between 1990 and 2010, 91,000 women were murdered in Brazil. Last March, President Dilma Rousseff signed a law including “femicide” as a heinous crime into the Brazilian Penal Code.
But is there hope? The last week of October saw some important developments in advancing the gender debate in Brazil.
After some tweeted sexual comments about a 12-year-old girl participating in a Brazilian reality TV show, the hashtag #primeiroassedio (#firstharassment) engaged more than 82,000 women to share the first time they remembered being harassed.
The following week, #MulheresContraCunha (#WomenAgainstCunha) gathered thousands of women online and in the streets to protest a bill that requires rape victims to go through forensic examinations prior to accessing healthcare and could also criminalize the morning-after pill. Eduardo Cunha is the president of the Brazilain Chamber of Deputies and the main supporter of the bill.
Nearly 4,000 people were in the streets of Rio de Janeiro to say no to PL5069 and to President of the Chamber Eduardo Cunha. October 28, 2015. Photo by Ninja Midia. CC BY-NC-SA 2.0
In November, the campaign #AgoraEQueSaoElas (#NowIt'sGirls'Time) had several male columnists, writers and journalists opening space to female colleagues to write about gender issues.
This awakening is already being called #WomenSpring or #PrimaveraDasMulheres, with a new wave of protests scheduled for November. Times may be hard for those fighting for equality, but they also seem to be changing.