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Brazil: Human Rights Violation in Several Prisons

· Written by Fernando Sapelli Translated by Fernando Sapelli

Categories: Latin America, Brazil, Citizen Media, Development, Film, Governance, Human Rights

In the beginning of this year, the city of Lavras, located in the south of Minas Gerais state, got in the news [1] [pt] when lawyer Luiz Henrique Fernandes Santana petitioned for an immediate release of all prisoners in the city’s prison, arguing lack of space for all 248 inmates, since the prison could only effectively house 51. While the petition continues to be analyzed, general conditions in all Brazilian prisons [2] remain the focus of much debate.

According to a report [3] [pt] on human rights in Brazil, released in the beginning of this year by Human Rights Watch [4]:

Muitas prisões e cadeias brasileiras são violentas e superlotadas. Segundo o INFOPEN, Sistema de Informações Penitenciárias do Ministério da Justiça, a taxa de encarceramento no Brasil triplicou nos últimos 15 anos e a população carcerária atualmente é superior a meio milhão de pessoas. Atrasos no sistema judiciário contribuem para a superlotação carcerária: quase metade dos detentos está cumprindo prisão provisória.

Several Brazilian prisons and jails are violent and overcrowded. According to INFOPEN, Sistema de Informações Penitenciárias do Ministério da Justiça [Ministry of Justice’s Prisons Information System], imprisonment rates have tripled in the last 15 years and the inmate population is currently superior than half a million people. Delays in the judiciary system contribute to prison’s overcapacity: nearly half of all prisoners are on provisional arrests.
Porto Alegre Central Prison, considered the biggest prison in Latin America. Photo by Dr. Sidinei José Brzuska (used with permission). [5]

Porto Alegre Central Prison, considered the biggest prison in Latin America. Photo by Dr. Sidinei José Brzuska (used with permission).

With the intention of improving these conditions, Congress approved in mid-2011, Act 12.403/2011, which prohibits provisional arrests for sentences shorter than four years of imprisonment, and nearly 100,000 inmates were released shortly after its approval.

According to lawyer Doctor Joyce Royse, in an interview for the portal Meuadvogado [6] (Mylawyer) [pt]:

A Lei nº 12.403/11 tem por finalidade limitar o excesso de prisões processuais e criar medidas cautelares alternativas à prisão e que também sejam aptas a assegurar a aplicação da lei penal e a ordem processual. Nas entrelinhas, pode-se verificar que referida alteração legislativa também se deu por razões de política criminal, haja vista a caótica situação do sistema carcerário brasileiro.

Act 12.403/11 aims to limit the excessive amount of provisory arrests and create alternative safety measures for arrests, which are also apt to secure the application of the penal law and provisory order. In between the lines, it can be verified that such legislative alteration has also happened due to criminal policy, taken into consideration the chaotic situation of the Brazilian prison system.
Vila Velha Prison Cell in the Vitoria City region, Espirito Santo State. Photo by Folha De S. Paulo (CC BY-ND 2.0)

Vila Velha Prison Cell in the Vitoria City region, Espirito Santo State. Photo by Folha De S. Paulo (CC BY-ND 2.0)

The government has been investigating, however, how to improve this situation. In 1994, the National Penitentiary Fund [7] (Funpen) [pt] was created to finance and support the modernization and improvement initiatives of Brazil’s penitentiary system. A portion of its reserves comes from lottery profits, confiscated resources or resulting from the alienation of lost assets in favor of the country. A portion of such reserves, nearly R$ 350 million, is destined for the National Program for Support of the Prison System.

According to the site Portal Brasil [8] [pt]:

Por meio do Programa Nacional de Apoio ao Sistema Prisional, lançado em novembro de 2011, esses recursos vão financiar a criação de 42 mil novas vagas em penitenciárias e cadeias públicas, com intuito de zerar o déficit de vagas femininas e reduzir o número de presos provisórios em delegacias. O programa repassará para as unidades federativas, dentro de três anos, cerca de R$ 1,1 bilhão.

Through the National Program for Support of the Prison System, launched in November 2011, these resources will finance the creation of 42,000 new spaces in prisons and public jails, with the intention of eliminating the deficit of female cells and diminishing the number of provisory prisoners in jails. The program will reallocate to federal unities, within three years, around R$ 1.1 billion.

Despite the announced investments, the number of prisoners in Brazil almost tripled in the last 16 years, while the necessary infrastructure hasn’t grown accordingly. Accounts of deficiency and abuse in several prisons continue to be reported. In the beginning of 2011, all 97 inmates at Pinheiro’s jail, in the state of Maranhão, began a violent mutiny [9] [pt] demanding better conditions in all cells, constructed to accommodate only 30 prisoners. During the rebellion, six people were killed. A video [10] (containing graphic material) was recorded.

Similar reports also came from the state of Sergipe. According to newspaper Tribuna da Bahia [11] [pt]:

Uma inspeção realizada pelo CNJ (Conselho Nacional de Justiça) flagrou presos dormindo no chão ou sob toalhas pela falta de colchões e outras irregularidades em Sergipe. (…) No local, segundo o CNJ, existem presos que vivem há meses em uma situação insalubre. O interior das três celas é “acanhado e escuro a qualquer hora do dia”. (…) O banheiro fica no meio da cela, obrigando os presos a fazerem suas necessidades na frente de todos os colegas de cela.

A inspection done by CNJ (Conselho Nacional de Justiça) [National Justice Council] reported prisoners sleeping on the floor or over towels due to the lack of mattresses and other irregularities in Sergipe. (…) In that location, according to CNJ, there are prisoners living for months in insalubrious conditions. The interior of all three cells is “small and dark at any time of the day.” (…) The bathroom is in the middle of the cell, forcing all prisoners to do their necessities in front of their cellmates.

The National Justice Council [12] has been conducting the Prison Initiative [13] [pt] in several states around Brazil, with the intention of,

fazer um relato do funcionamento do sistema de justiça criminal, revisar as prisões, implantar o Projeto Começar de Novo e, ao final, no relatório dos trabalhos, são feitas proposições destinadas aos órgãos que compõem o sistema de justiça criminal, visando ao seu aperfeiçoamento.

making a report on the functionality of the criminal justice system, revise prisons, implement the Project Beginning Again and, at the end, in the final report of its works, propositions will be made and destined to all the organs that compose the criminal justice system, aiming its improvement.

In a documentary [14] published on YouTube, (as reported [2] by Global Voices in February) the problems of the prison system are exposed through interviews with current and former prisoners, their families, guards, police officers, heads of prisons, human rights groups and others. Under the Brazilian Sun was directed and produced by Adele Reeves and Leandro Vilaca.

Since prisoners are stigmatized by part of Brazilian society, several of these problems remain unaddressed. Investments and improvements are certainly necessary, but while high amounts of money are invested, crime prevention policies take on a secondary role.

In a country where 1 in every 262 adults is in prison [15] [pt], solutions to assure a reduction of these rates are just as essential as the construction of new prisons.