China: From heroic to ignorant masses, and then… · Global Voices
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The Chinese communist ideology has been eroding rapidly in the past two decades due to economic development. Traces of its revolutionary belief can still be found in political propaganda pieces published in the state owned media. Words like “the masses” marks the past ideological imprint.
However, in recent years, the term “the masses” is more and more associated with large scale protests, or the so-called “mass incidents”. From the perspective of local government, such kind of “mass incidents” implies social instability and has to be repressed. And hence, “the mass” becomes more and more in association with negative adjectives. A typical example can be found in a report earlier this year on social unrest in Luliang County of Yunnan Province in which hundreds of farmers confronted the police. The local state owned media then quickly described “the mass” as those “who are ignorant of the truth and facts are stirred up by a small cohort of vicious power in the village…”
To rescue “the masses” from negative connotation that jeopardizes the communist party's revolutionary legacy, the Propaganda Department of Yunnan province issued a notice demanding local media to stop using terms like “刁民（sly and difficult people)” and “恶势力（vicious power)” and to stop labeling the masses as “不明真相 (ignorant of the truth and facts)”, “別有用心 (having secret and ill-intentioned motives)” or “一小撮人 (a handful of people)”.
The liberal-orientated South China Metropolitan (Nandu) Daily and the Beijing News promptly responded to the ban with editorials (Links: Nandu; Beijing News) in the subsequent two days. Nandu Daily traced the use of the term “ignorant of the truth and facts” back to a Xinhua News Agency's article on a social unrest in Jilin Province in July and pointed out that:
云南省委宣传部门的通知，激起了对一张“不明真相”的政治和社会标签的检讨。清理和检讨这些难孚人心的陈词滥调，也就是承认和检讨公共生活中那些心照不宣的权力之恶。这种恶既包括官员滥权的投机，也有媒体不能自主的跟从。因此，这对公权力是一种进取，于媒体是一种反思。但更重要的原则是，其实没有谁可以给公众随意贴上或者撕下所谓不明真相的标签，因为历史的真相始终掌握在他们的手里。
The absent/omnipresent subject
Tianya forum writer, Chao Yong, noticed that in the discussion of the Yunnan propaganda department's move, the subject – “the masses”- of the negative label of  “ignorant of the truth and facts”  has been omitted and its absence paradoxically marks its omnipresence in the Chinese political history –
在革命年代里，“群众”常常是作为一个褒义词出现的。究其原因，主要是因为“群众”乃革命的主体。…而毛泽东更是把“群众”推向了政治峰顶，他说：“群众是真正的英雄，而我们自己则往往是幼稚可笑的。不了解这一点，就不能得到起码的知识。”这种表扬让“群众”扬眉吐气，也让他们陷入一种集体幻觉之中，以为群众运动就是正确的，群众的眼睛就是雪亮的。实际上，无论从哪方面看，“群众”都不可能自己为自己释义与正名；只是因为革命，他们才被生产出了一种“政治正确性”。
另一方面，当“告别革命”的时代来临之后，“群众”的地位则开始下降，其词性也由褒义而中性，由中性而贬义…然而，改革年代，阶级斗争被束之高阁，下岗工人、无业游民、上访农民等等不再是革命的主力或帮手，而是变成了社会的不稳定因素。改革所依傍的对象也不再是无产阶级，而是有产阶级（中产阶级乃至新富阶层）。“群众”本来就没有经济上的优势，接着又失去了政治上的庇护，结果，他们被逼向了底层——这是经济、政治、甚至道德意义上的最底层。与此同时，相关部门与媒体也开始了对“群众”的舆论围剿。于是每当群体性事件发生，相关报道总会把“群众”指认为“不明真相”。这种固定搭配既唤醒了“群众”的本来涵义——乌合之众，也是对“群众”的“丑学”赋形。而通过“不明真相”的反复涂抹，“群众”也最终完成了其词性的蜕变与转换，被指涉的对象也被丑化和妖魔化了。
From “the masses” to “the citizen”
由此看来，无论是“群众是真正的英雄”还是“不明真相的群众”，说到底都是“意识到形态国家机器”的生产之物。经过这番忽而捧上天忽而摔到地的加工制作后，“群众”本身究竟是什么，反而变得晦暗不明了。而鉴于“群众”一词已被意识形态严重污染，我就觉得相关部门在禁用“不明真相”一词的同时，也该把“群众”一起禁用。或曰：把“群众”打入冷宫，谁来代替它出场呢？答案很简单：公众、公民或者民众。
In the comment section, many echoed Chao's view:
群众一词，现在已有贬义的成分，一说群众，必是和不明真象联系起来。可悲！政府是谁的政府？党是谁的党？
群众就是平头百姓，只有作为公民时才能显现作为“人”的权利。
用什么不一样呢?公众\民众\群众不都等于百姓.替党说话还是替百姓说话就以经把百姓与党分割了.