Brazil: Extradition refusal threatens relations with Italy

The Brazilian government calls Cesare Battisti a political activist. For the Italian government, the writer is a convicted terrorist. The controversial decision of the Brazilian government to guarantee political refugee status for him, two weeks ago, has divided opinions in Brazil, attracted severe criticism in Italy and is on the verge of causing an international rift in the otherwise friendly Brazil-Italian relations.

A former member of the Armed Proletarians for Communism, a far-left group which supported violent revolution in Italy in the 70's, Battisti has been tried and sentenced to life in prison for a series of crimes, including murder. He first fled to France, and after causing diplomatic tension between Italy and France, he fled to Brazil, where he had been living since 2002 and a request for his extradition was being considered by the Brazilian Supreme Court.

However, Battisti has just been given the status of political refugee by Brazilian Minister of Justice Tarso Genro, after his initial request for asylum was denied by the National Committee for Refugees, on the grounds that Battisti had been convicted in his absence and on the basis of allegedly unreliable evidence. Genro's decision, later backed by President Lula, has caused the authorities in Rome to recall its ambassador to Brazil, Michele Valensise, “for consultation” as the latest development of the escalating row.

There have been calls for a boycott of Brazilian goods – in 2008 business between the two countries generated US$ 10bn – and requests for Italians to cancel holidays to the country. Even the  Brazil vs. Italy friendly football match in London on February 10 might be called off [it].

In Brazil, opinions are divided and there are at the moment two petitions doing the rounds on the internet, one in support of the Italian government [pt], the other in support of the Brazilian decision [pt]. While the Italian government seems to be increasingly angry, their Brazilian counterpart has tried to play the issue down saying that there is no diplomatic crisis. Marcos Otterco [pt] says that the fact that the Italian ambassador to Brazil was recalled is ominous:

Se a Itália levar adiante sua retaliação, e tudo indica que isso não ficará barato, o Brasil terá muito a perder e nada a ganhar. Prepare-se para onda de deportação de brasileiros residentes na Itália.

If Italy carries out the retaliation, and everything indicates that they will, this will cost Brazil, which has much to lose and nothing to gain, a lot. Get ready for a wave of deportations of Brazilians living in Italy.

On the other hand, the blogger at Consciência.net [pt] says that successful crime novelist Battisti was an unimportant militant who only took central stage after he wrote a book denouncing the Italian justice system's poor handling of trials. According to him, there are other interests at stake:

É para esconder do mundo que seus julgamentos não passavam de linchamentos com verniz de legalidade que a Itália quer calar Battisti.

E salta aos olhos que a sanha destrambelhada de Berlusconi e seus cúmplices tem o objetivo secundário de humilhar os eminentes cidadãos libertários do mundo inteiro que abraçaram solidariamente a causa de Battisti.

Italy wants to shut up Battisti to hide from the world the fact that their trials are nothing but lynchings with a veneer of legality.

And it is clear that the clumsy wrath of Berlusconi and his accomplices has the secondary purpose of humiliating eminent libertarian citizens of the world that jointly embraced Battisti's cause.

Not surprisingly, public opinion in Italy has perceived the concession of refugee status for the Italian citizen as a display of support from the Brazilian government for the extremist movements that ravaged Italy, not to mention the insult to Italian society. Juca [pt] thinks that President Lula, on the other hand, did not perceive the gravity of the situation and now has a very hot potato in his hands:

Agora, estabelecido o escândalo, não sabe o governo Lula o que fazer para que o incidente não se transforme em uma grave crise internacional que poderá render ao Brasil o afastamento, por falta de convite, para a importante próxima reunião do G8, grupo atualmente presidido pela Itália, sob a alegação de que o nosso país não colabora com o combate internacional ao terrorismo, ao contrário, o prestigia dando refúgio a terroristas.

Now, that the scandal has been created, Lula's government does not know what to do to avoid the incident becoming a serious international crisis that could bring isolation on Brazil and exclusion from the next G8 meeting, currently chaired by Italy, under the claim that our country does not cooperate with the international fight against terrorism, but salutes it instead, giving refuge to terrorists.

Whereas some people claim that, with this decision, Brazil shows it is an example of democracy [pt] and that the criticism is part of a political dispute. Ralf Rickli [pt] highlights that the media has so far only shown one side of the story: the protests from the Italian side. The blogger comments on the doubts cast on Battisti's trial in absentia in 1987, and mentions the fact that the Mitterand government had also denied his extradition. The blogger asks: “why doesn't our mainstream media report this?” and answers:

E aí de repente lembro que o atual primeiro-ministro da Itália é um magnata da imprensa… Representante típico de uma certa direita que se vale da força da imprensa como instrumento de poder – com o qual vem se safando inclusive de repetidas acusações de corrupção e de ligação com a Máfia.

Mas deve ser só coincidência, não? Não deve haver nenhuma relação…

And then I suddenly remember that the current Italian Prime Minister is a media magnate… A typical representative of a right wing group that uses the strength of the media as an instrument of power – with which it has been getting away with repeated accusations of corruption and links with the Mafia.

But it should be only coincidence, no? There should be no relationship…

On the press handling of the issue, Sociologist Rudá Ricci [pt] calls most criticism an irrational reaction of left-wing militants and some of the media:

Irracional porque do ponto de vista legal, o ato não fere nenhum princípio. Mas é um ato político, sem dúvida. E é por aí que a nuvem de fumaça se espalha. Comecemos pelas reações à direita:
1) O Clube Militar emite nota destacando que se trata de concessão de asilo a um assassino sanguinário. Aliás, vai mais longe e cita uma tal “ditadura sanguinária”;
2) O governador José Serra, de olho no eleitorado paulista (muito conservador) afirma timidamente que se trata de um equívoco. Tímido porque ele mesmo foi um refugiado político no Chile e conviveu com brasileiros que eram denunciados pelos mesmos crimes que Battisti;
3) O senador e ex-presidente italiano Francesco Cossiga ataca Tarso Genro dizendo que se trata de um ministro “cretino”;
4) A polícia italiana diz que o próprio Battisti matou quatro pessoas. Ele nega.

Os argumentos são exagerados e frágeis, como se percebe.

Irrational because from the legal point of view, the decision does not hurt any principle. But there is no doubt it is a political decision. And this is where the confusion starts. Let's start with the right-wing reactions:
1) The Military Club has publicized a note emphasizing that it is granting asylum to a bloodthirsty killer. Moreover, they go further and mention a “bloody dictatorship”;
2) The Governor [of the state of São Paulo] Jose Serra, with an eye on the local (very conservative) electorate says timidly that this was a misunderstanding. He was shy because he was a political refugee in Chile and lived among Brazilians who were denounced for crimes like Battisti's;
3) The senator and former Italian president Francesco Cossiga attacked Tarso Genro saying that the minister is an “asshole”;
4) The Italian police says that Battisti killed four people himself. He denies it.

The arguments are exaggerated and fragile, as we understand.

Others don't quite agree and think the country has taken a wrong turn. Fernando Rizzolo [pt] qualifies the Brazilian Government's decision which has put Brazil in a fix as marred by ideological ties rather than legal considerations:

É impressionante a que ponto a paixão pela ideologia da esquerda faz com que um País como o Brasil se indisponha com a Europa. Não é possível que o ministro Tarso Genro, o PT, o presidente Lula encontrem neste cidadão Battisti “algo maior” ao defendê-lo e colocar o Brasil numa situação complicadíssima. A Itália é uma democracia, a própria esquerda italiana não o defende. Para que tudo isso ? Lula deveria ter reconsiderado a decisão de Tarso, mas não, o PT tem um amor incrível as causas esquerdistas, a ponto de sacrificar um País, não é ?

It is amazing the extent to which the passion for the left-wing ideology makes a country like Brazil row with Europe. It is not possible that Minister Tarso Genro, the Workers’ Party (PT) and President Lula believe that this citizen Battisti is “something deserving” backing putting Brazil in a very complicated situation. Italy is a democracy, the most left-wing groups in Italy do not back him. So, why all this? President Lula should have reconsidered Tarso's decision, but instead, [the president's] PT has an incredible love of leftist causes, to the point of sacrificing the country, no?

Leandro Sartori Molino [pt] believes that both governments are making a mistake in putting at risk the historic relationship between Italy and Brazil over such a little issue:

Mas nós, meros cidadãos brasileiros e italianos, que não temos nada a ver com essa ridicularidade, estamos, no mínimo, assustados: o que poderá ocorrer conosco, que adoramos passear pelas Praias do Nordeste brasileiro, sambar em seu impressionante Carnaval, tomar um delicioso “spresso” na Piazza Novona, ouvir os gondoleiros de Venezza ao passear por seus canais, tomar vinho, comer uma deliciosa macorranada, tomar caipirinha e comer feijoada?

But we, mere Brazilian and Italian citizens who have got nothing to do with this palaver, are at least scared: what could happen to us, who love strolling on the beaches of northeastern Brazil, dancing samba in its impressive carnival, taking a delicious “spresso” in Piazza Novona, hearing the Venician gondoliers as we stroll along their canals, drinking wine, eating delicious pasta, drinking caipirinhas and eating feijoada?
UPDATE 04/02/2009: Global Voices also has Italian blogger responses on this issue.

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